Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease characterized by the gradual replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue. This condition results from long-term, chronic inflammation in the liver, often due to factors such as alcohol abuse, viral infections, or metabolic disorders. As cirrhosis progresses, liver function declines, leading to serious complications. In this comprehensive guide, we explore the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and when to seek medical attention for cirrhosis.
CJD is characterized by rapid deterioration of brain function, leading to severe cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, and ultimately death. Although it shares some symptoms with Alzheimer’s disease, CJD progresses much more rapidly and has a devastating impact on affected individuals.
Claudication is a condition characterized by pain, cramping, or discomfort in the muscles during physical activity due to insufficient blood flow. It most commonly affects the legs but can also occur in other areas of the body. Let’s explore the different aspects of claudication:
Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital anomalies that affect the facial structures. These conditions result from incomplete fusion during fetal development, leading to openings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate), or both. Let’s explore the various aspects of cleft lip and cleft palate.
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heart valve disorder that affects the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle. In MVP, the mitral valve leaflets become floppy and bulge backward into the left atrium during the heart’s contraction. This condition can sometimes lead to mitral valve regurgitation, where blood leaks backward across the valve.
Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It goes beyond occasional feelings of sadness and can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. Here are some key points about depression:
- Definition: Depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities.
- Prevalence: It’s essential to recognize that depression is not a sign of weakness but a medical condition that requires attention and treatment.
- Symptoms: Depression affects how you feel, think, and behave. Common symptoms include persistent sadness, fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating.
- Treatment: Fortunately, depression is treatable. A combination of medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle adjustments, and support can help manage symptoms.
- CLL is a slow-progressing cancer that primarily affects B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
- It often occurs in older adults, with men being more commonly affected.
- The disease originates in the bone marrow and infiltrates the blood, lymph nodes, and other organs.
- Patients may remain asymptomatic for years, but CLL can eventually lead to complications.
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium responsible for serious diarrheal infections. It often occurs after antibiotic use and can lead to colitis—an inflammation of the colon. Let’s delve deeper into the specifics.
Clubfoot is a congenital deformity that affects the foot and ankle, causing it to be twisted out of shape or position. It is usually present at birth and can impact one or both feet. The condition results from abnormal development of tendons, ligaments, and bones in the foot. In clubfoot, the tissues connecting the muscles to the bone (tendons) are shorter than usual.
Cluster headaches are a neurological condition that affects a small percentage of the population. They are more common in men than women and tend to occur in specific time frames, known as “clusters.” During a cluster period, individuals experience frequent attacks, which can last from weeks to months.
The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all other organs and tissues. Let’s delve into its structure, function, and the condition known as aortic coarctation.
Anatomy of the Aorta
The aorta consists of several segments:
- Ascending Aorta: Originating from the left ventricle, it carries oxygenated blood upward.
- Aortic Arch: Curving upward, it gives rise to vital vessels like the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
- Descending Aorta (Thoracic Part): Passing through the chest, it supplies blood to structures such as the bronchial arteries and esophagus.
- Descending Aorta (Abdominal Part): Below the diaphragm, it nourishes abdominal organs, including the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries.
Valley fever, also known as coccidioidomycosis, is a fungal infection caused by the Coccidioides organisms. These fungi thrive in arid, desert-like regions, particularly in the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and Central America. Most people who inhale the microscopic fungal spores from the air remain asymptomatic, but some may develop symptoms.
Cold urticaria, also known as cold-induced hives, is a skin condition characterized by an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. When exposed to cold air, water, or objects, affected individuals develop itchy welts (hives) on their skin. The severity of symptoms varies, with some people experiencing minor reactions and others facing more severe responses. In extreme cases, swimming in cold water can lead to very low blood pressure, fainting, or shock.
Hypothermia is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s core temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. In this article, we’ll explore the types, causes, symptoms, prevention, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and when to seek medical help.
Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). These tiny, fluid-filled blisters typically appear on and around the lips. They often occur in clusters and can be quite uncomfortable. After the blisters rupture, a scab forms, which eventually heals without leaving a scar.
Cold urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) is a skin condition characterized by an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. When exposed to cold air, water, or objects, affected individuals develop itchy welts (hives) on their skin. The severity of symptoms varies widely, with some experiencing minor reactions and others facing more severe consequences. For certain individuals, swimming in cold water can lead to dangerously low blood pressure, fainting, or shock.
The common cold is a mild viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, sinuses, and upper airway. While it’s generally harmless, the discomfort it causes can be quite bothersome.
Colic is a perplexing phenomenon characterized by frequent, prolonged, and intense crying or fussiness in otherwise healthy infants. Parents often find it particularly frustrating because the baby’s distress seems to occur without any apparent reason. Despite their best efforts, consoling the baby during colic episodes often proves challenging. These episodes tend to peak when the infant is around 6 weeks old and gradually decline after 3 to 4 months of age. While colic itself is not harmful, managing it can significantly stress parents as they navigate this challenging phase of early parenthood.
Ischemic colitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and injury to the large intestine due to inadequate blood supply. This reduced blood flow can lead to tissue damage in the affected area of the colon. While any part of the colon can be involved, ischemic colitis most commonly causes pain on the left side of the belly area. Let’s delve deeper into the specifics of this condition.
Microscopic colitis refers to chronic inflammation of the large intestine (colon), which is not visible to the naked eye. It primarily affects individuals over 50 years old and is characterized by persistent watery diarrhea.
Pseudomembranous colitis, also known as antibiotic-associated colitis or C. difficile colitis, is an inflammatory condition of the colon. It is characterized by an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile), commonly referred to as C. diff. This bacterial overgrowth leads to the formation of pseudomembranes in the colon lining, causing symptoms such as watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects the colon and rectum. It leads to chronic inflammation, ulcers, and various gastrointestinal symptoms. Although there’s no known cure, effective treatments can manage symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life.
A pneumothorax, commonly known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the pleural space—the area between the lung and the chest wall. This excess air puts pressure on the lung, causing it to partially or fully collapse. Pneumothorax can be a medical emergency, so prompt evaluation and treatment are crucial.
Atelectasis, pronounced “at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis,” refers to the partial or complete collapse of a lung or a specific lobe within the lung. This condition occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) fail to properly inflate, leading to impaired gas exchange and reduced oxygen levels in the bloodstream.
A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon (large intestine). While most colon polyps are harmless, some can develop into colon cancer over time. Early detection and management are crucial for preventing serious complications.
Ischemic colitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and injury to the large intestine due to inadequate blood supply. It occurs when blood flow to part of the colon is temporarily reduced, leading to tissue damage. Although any part of the colon can be affected, ischemic colitis most commonly causes pain on the left side of the belly area.
Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is an inability to perceive certain colors accurately. People with this condition see colors differently than those with normal color vision. Let’s delve into the various aspects of color blindness.
Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, originates in the large intestine (colon) or rectum. It is a malignant growth of cells that can lead to serious health consequences if left untreated. Let’s delve into the specifics:
Coma is a profound state of unconsciousness characterized by the inability to respond to external stimuli. It is a medical emergency that demands immediate attention. During a coma, the affected individual appears unresponsive, resembling deep sleep, but cannot be awakened by any form of stimulation, including pain.
The common cold, also known as an upper respiratory tract infection, is a mild viral illness that primarily affects the nose and throat. While it’s generally harmless, its symptoms can be bothersome.
A common cold is a viral infection affecting the nose and throat. It’s one of the most frequent illnesses, especially in babies. Nasal congestion and a runny nose are the hallmark signs. Babies, due to their exposure to older children and lack of immunity, are particularly susceptible
Common warts are small, grainy skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They most often appear on fingers or hands and may feel rough to the touch. These warts often feature tiny black dots, which are clotted blood vessels. Common warts are benign and usually harmless, but they can be bothersome or embarrassing.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating condition characterized by severe, continuous pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. Let’s delve into the specifics:
What Is CRPS?
CRPS is a post-traumatic disorder that occurs after an injury or surgery. It disproportionately affects the affected limb, leading to intense pain, sensory changes, and other disturbances.
Incidence and Demographics
- Incidence rates vary but can range from 5.5 to 26.2 cases per 100,000 person-years.
- Women are more commonly affected than men, with the highest incidence in women aged 61–70 years.
Compulsive gambling, also known as gambling disorder, is a behavioral condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to gamble. Individuals with this disorder are willing to risk something of value in the hope of obtaining something of greater value. The thrill of gambling can stimulate the brain’s reward system, much like drugs or alcohol, leading to addiction. Compulsive gamblers often chase losses, deplete savings, accumulate debt, and may resort to theft or fraud to support their addiction.
Hoarding disorder is a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save them. Individuals with this disorder experience distress at the thought of getting rid of these items, leading to an accumulation of items, regardless of their actual value. This often results in cramped living conditions with narrow pathways winding through stacks of clutter. In severe cases, it can seriously affect daily functioning.
Kleptomania (klep-toe-MAY-nee-uh) is a chronic mental health disorder characterized by recurrent, irresistible urges to steal items. Unlike typical shoplifting, individuals with kleptomania don’t steal for personal gain or financial need. Instead, they experience an overwhelming compulsion to take things they generally don’t need. Let’s delve deeper into this condition.
A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. It typically occurs due to an impact to the head or body, resulting in altered brain function. Common effects of concussions include headaches, trouble with concentration, memory issues, balance problems, mood changes, and disrupted sleep.
Genital warts are a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). These warts appear as small bumps or growths in and around the genital and rectal areas. While there’s no cure for HPV itself, treatments can manage genital warts.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands. These glands, situated above the kidneys, play a crucial role in hormone production. CAH results from enzyme deficiencies that impact cortisol and aldosterone synthesis.
A congenital heart defect (CHD) refers to an abnormality in the heart’s structure that is present at birth. These defects can affect the heart walls, valves, or blood vessels. CHDs vary in complexity, from mild conditions to severe, life-threatening issues.
Congenital heart disease refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. These defects can impact blood flow and oxygen levels. Let’s delve into the specifics.
Hirschsprung’s disease, also known as congenital megacolon, is a rare birth defect affecting the large intestine (colon). It results from missing nerve cells in the intestinal muscles, leading to impaired bowel movements. The condition is present at birth and can cause significant complications if left untreated.
Congenital mitral valve anomalies refer to structural abnormalities in the mitral valve, which is situated between the heart’s left atrium and left ventricle. These anomalies are present at birth and can significantly impact blood flow and overall heart function.
Craniosynostosis (kray-nee-o-sin-os-TOE-sis) is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby's brain is fully formed. Brain growth continues, giving the head a misshapen appearance.
Usually, during infancy the sutures remain flexible, allowing a baby's skull to expand as the brain grows. In the front of the skull, the sutures meet in the large soft spot (fontanel) on top of the head. The anterior fontanel is the soft spot felt just behind a baby's forehead. The next largest fontanel is at the back (posterior). Each side of the skull has a tiny fontanel.
Conjoined twins, also known as Siamese twins, are a rare phenomenon where two babies are physically connected to each other. This occurs during early embryonic development when the embryo partially separates but remains attached. Let’s explore this fascinating condition in detail.
Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva—the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the eyeball. It can affect one or both eyes. Here are the key points:
- Pink eye causes redness, swelling, and discomfort.
- It often results in a sticky discharge from the eyes.
- Types: Viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis.
Constipation is a common issue among children, characterized by infrequent bowel movements or hard, dry stools. While it’s usually not a cause for alarm, understanding its causes, symptoms, prevention, and management is essential for parents and caregivers.
Contact dermatitis is a common skin condition characterized by an itchy rash that occurs when your skin comes into contact with an irritating substance.
Functional Neurologic Disorder (FND), also known as conversion disorder or functional neurologic symptom disorder, refers to a group of common neurological movement disorders. Unlike other neurological diseases, FND does not result from structural brain damage. Instead, it involves abnormal brain function. Let’s delve deeper into the specifics.
Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, transports oxygen throughout the body. In Thalassemia, the body produces insufficient healthy hemoglobin, leading to anemia.
Corns and calluses are thickened areas of skin that develop due to repeated friction or pressure. They often occur on the feet, toes, or hands. While generally harmless, they can cause discomfort and affect appearance.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common heart condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries. These arteries supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart muscle. The primary cause of CAD is the gradual buildup of cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the arterial walls. Inflammation also plays a role in the disease process.
Small vessel disease (SVD) affects the small arteries in the heart, impairing their function. This condition leads to reduced blood flow, potentially causing chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other heart-related symptoms.
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD), also known as corticobasal syndrome, is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by a combination of movement, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Let’s delve into the specifics:
Costochondritis is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the breastbone (sternum). It causes chest pain, which can be sharp, aching, or pressure-like. The pain often mimics heart attack symptoms, leading to confusion.
Cough headaches are an unusual type of head pain triggered by coughing or other forms of straining. These may include sneezing, laughing, crying, singing, bending over, or even having a bowel movement. There are two main types of cough headaches:
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and adolescents. It typically occurs several weeks after exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19. MIS-C is characterized by widespread inflammation and can involve multiple organ systems simultaneously.
A muscle cramp is an abrupt, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. Often referred to as a “charley horse,” it can cause intense pain. These cramps typically occur during physical activity or after prolonged muscle use.
Menstrual cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea, are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen that occur just before and during menstruation. While some women experience mild discomfort, others may suffer from severe pain that interferes with daily activities. Understanding the causes and effective management strategies is crucial for those affected by this common condition.
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the lining of medium and large arteries. Most commonly, it impacts the arteries in the head, particularly those around the temples. GCA can lead to significant health issues if left untreated, including vision loss. Let’s delve into the specifics of this condition.
Craniopharyngioma is a rare, noncancerous brain tumor that originates near the pituitary gland. It arises from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, an embryonic structure involved in pituitary development. Although benign, craniopharyngiomas can cause significant morbidity due to their location near critical brain structures.
CJD is characterized by changes in mental abilities, rapid deterioration, and ultimately death. Although it shares some symptoms with Alzheimer’s disease, CJD progresses much faster. Most cases of CJD are sporadic, meaning they occur without any identifiable risk factors. However, a small percentage of cases are hereditary due to mutations in the prion protein gene.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a heartbreaking phenomenon where an apparently healthy baby unexpectedly dies during sleep.SIDS refers to the sudden, unexplained death of an infant under one year old. Despite extensive research, the exact cause remains elusive.Infants often succumb to SIDS while sleeping, earning it the nickname “crib death.” The brainstem, responsible for breathing control and arousal during sleep, plays a crucial role.
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It falls under the category of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, who first described it in 1932, this condition can cause significant discomfort and impact daily life. The inflammation can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, but it most commonly affects the small intestine.
Croup, medically known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a contagious respiratory infection that primarily affects infants and young children. It leads to inflammation and narrowing of the upper airway, causing characteristic symptoms such as a barking cough and difficulty breathing. While most cases are mild, severe episodes can be life-threatening.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating chronic pain condition that primarily affects an arm or a leg. It is characterized by severe pain, swelling, changes in skin temperature, and abnormal hair and nail growth.
Cryoglobulinemia is a rare condition characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the serum. These cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate at temperatures below normal body temperature (37°C) and redissolve upon rewarming. The clinical presentation and underlying disease triggering cryoglobulin formation can vary significantly.
An undescended testicle occurs when one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. Typically, the testicles form in the unborn baby’s lower belly and then move down into the scrotum during the last few months of pregnancy. Let’s delve deeper into this condition.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a vital component of the central nervous system (CNS). It surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing essential functions for their protection, nourishment, and waste removal. Let’s explore CSF in detail.
Anatomy and Production
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Secretion:
- The choroid plexus, located within the ventricles of the brain, actively produces CSF. Choroid cells transport ions and other substances from the blood into the ventricles.
- The blood-brain barrier (BBB) ensures that harmful substances do not enter the brain tissue.
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Circulation:
- CSF flows through specific pathways:
- From the lateral ventricles, it passes through the interventricular foramen (of Monro) into the third ventricle.
- Through the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius), it reaches the fourth ventricle.
- Some CSF enters the central canal of the spinal cord, while most exits through the apertures of the fourth ventricle.
- Approximately 600–700 ml of CSF is produced daily, replacing the entire volume around 4 times per day.
- CSF flows through specific pathways:
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Absorption:
- Arachnoid granulations (villi) protrude into venous sinuses, allowing CSF reabsorption into the bloodstream.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare type of cancer that originates in white blood cells known as T cells (T lymphocytes). These T cells typically play a crucial role in our immune system’s defense against infections and diseases.
Peyronie’s disease, also known as induratio penis plastica, is a condition characterized by the development of fibrous scar tissue (plaque) within the deeper tissues of the penis. This scar tissue causes the penis to curve or bend during erections, leading to pain and potential complications. Although it’s not caused by cancer, Peyronie’s disease can significantly impact a man’s quality of life.
Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the body is exposed to excessive levels of cortisol for an extended period. Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. However, when cortisol levels become chronically elevated, it leads to a range of symptoms and complications.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) is a rare type of cancer that originates in the white blood cells, specifically B cells or B lymphocytes. Unlike other lymphomas that primarily affect lymph nodes, CBCL specifically targets the skin. It manifests as various skin lesions, which can be mistaken for rashes or bumps. Let’s delve deeper into the specifics of CBCL.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare type of cancer that originates in white blood cells called T cells (T lymphocytes). These abnormal T cells infiltrate the skin, leading to various skin-related symptoms. Let’s delve into the specifics.
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a complex behavior characterized by deliberate self-harm without suicidal intent. Individuals engage in NSSI for various reasons, such as emotional regulation, coping with distress, or seeking relief from intense feelings. Common methods include cutting, burning, scratching, or hitting oneself. Let’s explore NSSI in depth.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a chronic functional disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe vomiting without an apparent cause. These episodes can last from a single day to several weeks and alternate with symptom-free periods. Let’s delve into the details:
Cyclothymia, also known as cyclothymic disorder, is a relatively rare mood disorder that affects emotional stability. Unlike bipolar I or II disorder, where mood swings are more extreme, cyclothymia presents with milder fluctuations. Individuals with cyclothymia experience periods of elevated mood (hypomania) and mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Let’s delve deeper into the various aspects of this condition.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This genetic defect affects the production and function of the CFTR protein, leading to thick and sticky mucus accumulation in various organs. Let’s delve into the specifics of CF:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that infects people of all ages. Once infected, your body retains the virus for life. While most individuals remain asymptomatic, CMV can cause serious health issues in certain populations. Let’s explore CMV in detail.
Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy experience excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sudden sleep attacks, and other related symptoms. Let’s delve into the details of this complex condition.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) represents the earliest stage of breast cancer. In DCIS, abnormal cells are confined within the milk ducts of the breast, without having invaded the surrounding tissues. Although it is noninvasive, DCIS requires evaluation and consideration of treatment options to prevent progression to invasive breast cancer.
De Quervain tenosynovitis, also known as dih-kwer-VAIN ten-oh-sine-oh-VIE-tis, is a painful condition that affects the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. If you’re experiencing symptoms, such as pain when turning your wrist, grasping objects, or making a fist, you might be dealing with this condition.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins, typically in the legs. It’s essential to understand this condition to prevent serious complications. Let’s explore DVT in depth:
Dehydration takes place when your body loses more fluid than you drink. Common causes include excessive sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. If left unaddressed, dehydration can lead to dangerous complications.
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD), also known as delayed sleep-wake phase syndrome, is a sleep disorder that significantly affects an individual’s internal circadian rhythm. People with DSPD experience a consistent delay in their sleep-wake cycle, making it challenging to align with societal schedules. Let’s delve into the details.
Delirium is a sudden, fluctuating, and usually reversible disturbance of mental function. It results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness of someone’s surroundings. The disorder typically comes on rapidly, within hours or a few days. Delirium can often be traced to one or more factors, including severe illness, imbalances in the body (such as low sodium), certain medications, infection, surgery, or alcohol/drug use or withdrawal.
Dementia is a broad term encompassing various conditions that impact cognitive function, memory, reasoning, personality, mood, and behavior. It leads to a decline in mental abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. Approximately 50% of people aged 85 and older experience some form of dementia.
Dengue fever, also known as “break-bone fever,” is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide, especially in urban and semi-urban areas. While many dengue infections are asymptomatic or cause only mild illness, the virus can occasionally lead to severe cases and even death.
Depersonalization-derealization disorder is a dissociative condition characterized by persistent feelings of detachment from oneself or the external world. Individuals with this disorder experience either depersonalization (feeling detached from their own body or thoughts) or derealization (feeling that their surroundings are unreal). Let’s delve into the details:
Dermatitis is a common skin condition characterized by inflammation, swelling, and irritation. It affects people of all ages and can manifest in various forms. Let’s delve into the different types of dermatitis:
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare type of skin cancer that originates in the middle layer of the skin, known as the dermis. Initially, it may appear as a pimple-like growth or a rough patch of skin. As it progresses, lumps of tissue (protuberans) may form near the skin’s surface. DFSP often develops on the arms, legs, and trunk. Fortunately, it grows slowly and rarely spreads beyond the skin.
Dermatographia, also known as dermatographism or skin writing, is a fascinating skin condition that affects a significant portion of the population. When individuals with dermatographia lightly scratch their skin, the scratches redden into raised wheals, resembling hives. These marks typically disappear within 30 minutes, making it a transient but intriguing phenomenon.
Dermatomyositis (dur-muh-toe-my-uh-SY-tis) is a rare inflammatory disease that affects both the skin and muscles. It primarily manifests as muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. Here are the key points:
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Skin Changes:
- A violet-colored or dusky red rash typically appears on the face, eyelids, knuckles, elbows, knees, chest, and back.
- The rash can be itchy and painful, often serving as an early sign of dermatomyositis.
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Muscle Weakness:
- Progressive muscle weakness affects muscles closest to the trunk, including hips, thighs, shoulders, upper arms, and neck.
- Weakness occurs on both sides of the body and tends to worsen gradually.
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Age and Gender:
- Dermatomyositis usually occurs in adults aged 40 to 60 and children between 5 and 15 years.
- It affects more females than males.
Desmoid tumors, also known as aggressive fibromatosis, are noncancerous growths that develop in the connective tissue. Unlike malignant tumors, desmoid tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can be locally aggressive, invading nearby structures and organs. Let’s delve deeper into the specifics:
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCT) are rare and aggressive cancers that primarily originate in the abdomen. Although they can occur elsewhere in the body, they most commonly affect the peritoneum—the tissue lining the abdominal cavity. Let’s delve into the various aspects of DSRCT.
DSRCTs begin as abnormal growths of cells within the peritoneum. These tumors consist of small, round cancer cells surrounded by scar-like tissue. While they predominantly occur in the abdomen, they can also affect other areas.
A deviated septum occurs when the thin wall (nasal septum) between your nasal passages is displaced to one side. In many people, the nasal septum is off-center, making one nasal passage smaller than the other. This condition can lead to various symptoms and complications.
Diabetes mellitus encompasses a group of chronic conditions affecting blood sugar (glucose) regulation. Glucose serves as the primary energy source for our cells, but in diabetes, its utilization is impaired. Let’s explore the different types, causes, symptoms, prevention strategies, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and when to seek medical attention.