Hirschsprung's disease, also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon, is a rare genetic disorder that impacts the large intestine (colon) and results in difficulty passing stool. This condition is present at birth and is characterized by the absence of nerve cells in part of the colon, which are essential for stimulating the muscles of the gut to move contents through the digestive tract. Without these nerve cells, known as ganglion cells, the affected portion of the colon cannot function properly, leading to severe constipation or bowel obstruction. Hirschsprung's disease can be detected in newborns, although in mild cases, it may not be diagnosed until later in childhood or even adulthood.
Hirsutism is a condition that causes excessive growth of dark, coarse hair in women, resembling male-pattern hair distribution. Typically, this condition manifests in areas such as the face, chest, and back. It affects a significant number of women and can have profound effects on self-esteem and quality of life. Hirsutism is often related to hormonal imbalances or underlying medical conditions, and its severity can vary from mild to severe. Understanding the various aspects of hirsutism, including its types, causes, symptoms, and treatment options, is essential for effective management and improved outcomes.
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by the organism Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus thrives in environments rich in bird or bat droppings, where its spores become airborne. When inhaled, these spores can lead to an infection that affects the lungs, and in severe cases, may spread to other parts of the body. While many people who breathe in these spores may not develop any symptoms, those with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions can experience severe disease. Histoplasmosis is most commonly seen in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the United States but is also present in other regions globally, including parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV progressively damages the immune system, impairing the body's ability to fend off infections and diseases. Over time, if untreated, HIV can weaken the immune system to the point where it results in AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection. While there is no cure for HIV, advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have transformed AIDS into a manageable chronic condition. Most individuals in the U.S. who adhere to treatment do not progress to AIDS, thanks to effective medications and early intervention.
Hives, medically known as urticaria, are a common skin reaction characterized by itchy welts that can appear as small spots or large blotches on the skin. This condition can arise due to various triggers, including certain foods, medications, or environmental factors. Angioedema, a related condition, involves swelling in the deeper layers of the skin, often around the face and lips, and can occur alongside or independently of hives. While acute cases of hives and angioedema are typically harmless and resolve within a day without treatment, chronic hives that persist for more than six weeks can require more extensive management. This article provides a detailed examination of hives and angioedema, including their causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures.
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the body’s immune system. This cancer begins in the lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures scattered throughout the body that help fight infections. In Hodgkin lymphoma, healthy lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) mutate and grow uncontrollably. As these abnormal cells multiply, they form tumors and can spread to other parts of the lymphatic system and beyond.
Key Components of the Lymphatic System
- Lymph Nodes: Located in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms, and neck, lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and trap pathogens.
- Spleen: Located on the left side of the abdomen, the spleen helps filter blood and houses immune cells.
- Thymus: Located behind the sternum, the thymus is essential for the development of T lymphocytes.
- Tonsils: Found in the throat, tonsils help trap pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.
- Bone Marrow: The soft tissue inside bones where blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced.
Hodgkin lymphoma can affect these lymphatic organs and potentially other organs, making it a complex and systemic condition.
Horner Syndrome is a rare neurological condition that affects the eye and face on one side of the body. It results from a disruption in the sympathetic nerve pathway that controls the muscles around the eye and face. This disruption impairs the normal function of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for involuntary bodily functions such as pupil dilation, sweating, and eyelid elevation. Horner Syndrome can be congenital or acquired and often presents with a triad of symptoms: ptosis (drooping of the eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side of the face. Accurate diagnosis and management are crucial for addressing the underlying cause and alleviating symptoms.
Hot flashes are brief episodes of intense heat that usually affect the face, neck, and chest, creating a sensation of sudden warmth. This condition is frequently linked with menopause, a natural phase in a woman's life characterized by the cessation of menstrual periods. During menopause, fluctuating hormone levels can disrupt the body's temperature regulation, leading to hot flashes. While they are most common during menopause, hot flashes can also occur due to other medical conditions or as a side effect of certain medications.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prevalent viral infection that primarily causes skin or mucous membrane growths, commonly known as warts. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, each affecting different parts of the body. While some types of HPV cause benign warts, others are associated with various cancers, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV is typically transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. Vaccination and regular screenings are crucial in preventing HPV-related complications.
Hurthle cell cancer, also known as Hurthle cell carcinoma or oxyphilic cell carcinoma, is a rare and potentially aggressive type of thyroid cancer. The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating the body’s metabolism through hormone secretion. Hurthle cell cancer arises from the Hurthle cells, which are a variant of follicular cells in the thyroid. This cancer can be more aggressive than other thyroid cancers, often requiring surgical removal of the thyroid gland as the primary treatment.
A hydrocele (HI-droe-seel) is a type of swelling in the scrotum, the pouch of skin that holds the testicles. This swelling occurs when fluid collects in the thin sac that surrounds a testicle. Hydroceles are common in newborns and often resolve without treatment by age 1. However, older children and adults can develop a hydrocele due to injury within the scrotum or other health issues. Typically, a hydrocele isn’t painful or harmful and might not require treatment. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider if the scrotum appears swollen.
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potential damage to brain tissues. This condition can affect individuals of all ages, from infants to adults, and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, traumatic brain injuries, and tumors.
Hydronephrosis is a serious medical condition characterized by the swelling of one or both kidneys due to the accumulation of urine. This occurs when there is a blockage in the ureters, the tubes that drain urine from the kidneys, or an anatomical defect that prevents proper urine drainage. Hydronephrosis can affect individuals of all ages, including infants and unborn babies. In this article, we will delve into the types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and management of hydronephrosis.
Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, such as bone health and muscle function. However, when calcium levels become too high, it can lead to a range of health problems, including weakened bones, kidney stones, and cardiovascular issues. In this article, we will delve into the world of hypercalcemia, exploring its types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention strategies, complications, diagnosis methods, treatment options, and management techniques.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a group of rare blood disorders characterized by persistently high levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses. Eosinophils typically help combat infections and respond to allergens. However, in HES, the excessive number of eosinophils infiltrates various tissues, leading to inflammation and organ damage. The most commonly affected organs include the skin, lungs, digestive tract, heart, blood, and nervous system. If left untreated, HES can become life-threatening.
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream. This can lead to an imbalance in the body's calcium levels, causing a range of symptoms and complications. The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. They play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body by producing PTH.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a chronic heart condition characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, also known as hypertrophy. This condition can occur in any part of the heart, but it most commonly affects the left ventricle. HCM can be inherited or acquired and can affect people of all ages, from children to adults.
Hyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of water in and around your cells. When sodium levels drop, it can lead to swelling of cells, which can cause a range of health problems from mild to life-threatening.
Hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon condition in which the body produces abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is essential for regulating and maintaining a balance of two minerals in the body - calcium and phosphorus. The low production of PTH in hypoparathyroidism leads to abnormally low calcium levels in the blood and an increase of phosphorus in the blood. This condition can cause a range of symptoms and complications if left untreated.
Hypopituitarism is a rare condition where the pituitary gland doesn't make one or more hormones or doesn't make enough hormones. The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. The pituitary gland makes several hormones that act on nearly every part of the body. In hypopituitarism, the pituitary gland fails to produce one or more of these hormones, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.
Hypothermia is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's core temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. When the body temperature drops, the heart, nervous system, and other organs can't function as well as they normally do. If left untreated, hypothermia can cause the heart and respiratory system to fail, leading to death.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that affects the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. The two main types of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. While both conditions share similar symptoms, they differ in terms of their location and severity.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines, also known as the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by recurring abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea or constipation, or both. IBS is a chronic condition that requires long-term management. While there is no cure for IBS, symptoms can be controlled with dietary changes, stress management, and medication.
Idiopathic hypersomnia is an uncommon sleep disorder that causes individuals to feel excessively sleepy during the day, even after a full night of good sleep. This condition is characterized by difficulty waking up from sleep and a feeling of grogginess upon waking. Idiopathic hypersomnia can also lead to difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and mood changes.
Illness anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive worry and anxiety about being or becoming seriously ill. People with illness anxiety disorder may have no physical symptoms or may believe that normal body sensations or minor symptoms are signs of severe illness. This excessive anxiety can disrupt daily life and cause significant distress.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder that occurs when the body produces antibodies that destroy platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Low platelet levels can lead to bruising and bleeding, which can range from mild to severe. ITP is a common condition that can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in children.
Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, are the last adult teeth to emerge in the mouth. Most people have four wisdom teeth — two on the top and two on the bottom. However, when wisdom teeth become impacted, they can cause a range of problems, including pain, tooth decay, and gum disease.
Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and young children. It is a bacterial infection that usually appears as reddish sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth, and on the hands and feet. The sores typically burst and develop honey-colored crusts over a period of about a week. Impetigo is caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Indigestion is a common and uncomfortable digestive disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, indigestion is characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by bloating, belching, and nausea. While indigestion is not a specific disease, it can be a symptom of other underlying digestive disorders. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for indigestion.
Infant jaundice is a common condition that affects newborn babies. It is characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when the body breaks down old red blood cells. In healthy babies, the liver is able to remove bilirubin from the blood, but in infants with jaundice, the liver is not able to do this effectively.
Infant reflux is a common condition that occurs when a baby's stomach contents move back up from the stomach into the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Reflux happens in healthy infants many times a day, and as long as the baby is healthy, content, and growing well, it is not a cause for concern. However, in some cases, reflux can be a sign of an underlying condition that requires medical attention.
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms that can live in and on our bodies. While many organisms are harmless or even helpful, some can cause disease under certain conditions. Infectious diseases can be spread from person to person, transmitted by insects or other animals, or acquired through contaminated food or water.
Infertility is a common issue that affects millions of couples worldwide. It is the medical term for when a couple cannot get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year. Infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including health issues with either partner or a mix of factors that prevent pregnancy.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract. The two main types of IBD are Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis. While both conditions share some similarities, they have distinct differences in terms of their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that affects the breast tissue. It is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that can block the lymphatic vessels in the skin, causing the skin on the breast to become swollen and red or purple. Inflammatory breast cancer is often mistaken for other conditions, such as mastitis or cellulitis, which are common infections that can cause breast swelling and pain.
Ingrown hair is a common condition that occurs when a hair that has been removed starts to grow back into the skin. This can cause tiny, swollen bumps on the skin that may be painful. Ingrown hair can occur anywhere on the body where hair is present, but it is most common in areas where hair is removed frequently, such as the face, neck, and pubic area.
An inguinal hernia is a condition where tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. The resulting bulge can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over or lift a heavy object. However, many hernias do not cause pain. Inguinal hernias are one of the most common types of hernias and can occur in both men and women.
Inherited metabolic disorders are a group of medical conditions caused by changes in specific genes that affect metabolism. These gene changes are most commonly passed down from both parents, but sometimes the gene change comes only from one parent, most often from the mother. These disorders are also known as inborn errors of metabolism.
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep. It can also cause you to wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. You may still feel tired when you wake up. Insomnia can drain your energy level and affect your mood. It also can affect your health, work performance, and quality of life.
Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a mental health condition characterized by repeated, sudden bouts of impulsive, aggressive, and violent behavior or angry verbal outbursts. These explosive outbursts are too extreme for the situation, causing significant distress and impairment in daily life. IED is often misdiagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or antisocial personality disorder.
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain. The condition is a part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome. The pain associated with IC can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, making it essential to understand the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for this condition.
Intestinal obstruction is a serious condition that occurs when there is a blockage in the small intestine or large intestine (colon) that prevents food or liquid from passing through. This blockage can be caused by various factors, including adhesions, hernias, colon cancer, certain medications, and inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis. Intestinal obstruction can be life-threatening if left untreated, and it is essential to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms occur.
An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull that can occur when a blood vessel bursts in the brain. This condition can be caused by various factors, including head injuries, bleeding disorders, and certain medical conditions. Intracranial hematomas can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
Intracranial venous malformations are veins in the brain that are unusually large. These larger veins are not likely to cause symptoms or affect how the veins work. While some people may have an intracranial venous malformation that is never diagnosed and never causes symptoms, others may be diagnosed by accident when undergoing a brain imaging test for another condition.
Intussusception is a serious condition in which part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine, often blocking food or fluid from passing through. This telescoping action can lead to several complications, including infection, death of bowel tissue, and a tear in the bowel. Intussusception is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention to prevent long-term damage or even death.
Invasive lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing glands of the breast, known as lobules. It is an aggressive and invasive cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body, making it a serious health concern for women. Invasive lobular carcinoma accounts for about 10% of all breast cancer cases and is more common in women over the age of 50.
Iritis is a type of uveitis, which is inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is characterized by swelling and irritation in the colored ring around the eye's pupil, known as the iris. Iritis is a common condition that can affect people of all ages, and its exact cause is often unknown.
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia that occurs when the body lacks adequate iron. This condition affects the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Iron deficiency anemia is often referred to as the most common form of anemia worldwide.
Itchy skin, also known as pruritus, is a common and irritating sensation that can occur at any time. It's a normal response to certain stimuli, but it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition. Itchy skin can be caused by a variety of factors, including dry skin, allergic reactions, and skin conditions. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of itchy skin.
Jaw tumors and cysts are rare growths that develop in the jawbone or soft tissues in the mouth and face. These growths can be benign or malignant, and they can vary greatly in size and severity. While most jaw tumors and cysts are noncancerous, they can still cause significant discomfort, pain, and disfigurement. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies for jaw tumors and cysts.
Jellyfish stings are a common problem for people who spend time in the ocean, whether they're swimming, wading, or diving. The long tentacles of these marine creatures can inject venom from thousands of microscopic barbed stingers into the skin, causing a range of symptoms from mild discomfort to life-threatening systemic illness. While most jellyfish stings can be treated with home remedies, severe reactions require immediate medical attention.
Jet lag, also known as jet lag disorder, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across several time zones. It occurs when your body's internal clock, or circadian rhythms, is out of sync with the new time zone. This disruption can cause a range of symptoms, including daytime fatigue, an unwell feeling, trouble staying alert, and stomach problems.
Jock itch, also known as tinea cruris, is a type of fungal skin infection that affects the groin and inner thighs. It's a common condition that can cause an itchy rash in warm, moist areas of the body. The condition is often linked to athletes and individuals who sweat a lot, but it can affect anyone who experiences excessive moisture in their groin area.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic condition that affects children under the age of 16. It is the most common type of arthritis in children and is characterized by persistent joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. JIA can cause significant discomfort and disability for children, and it can also lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Kaposi sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. It is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells, called lesions, on the skin or in other parts of the body. The lesions can be pink, red, purple, or brown in color and may appear on the face, arms, legs, genitals, or mouth.
Kawasaki disease is a rare and serious condition that affects children and causes inflammation in the blood vessels. It is also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. The condition is characterized by the swelling of the blood vessels in the body, which can lead to heart problems if left untreated.
A keloid scar is a type of skin lesion that is characterized by the formation of a thick, raised scar. It can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly seen on the earlobes, shoulders, cheeks, and chest. Keloid scars are not harmful to physical health, but they can cause significant emotional distress.
Keratitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped tissue on the front of the eye that covers the pupil and iris. The cornea is a crucial part of the eye's structure, allowing light to enter and focus on the retina. When the cornea becomes inflamed, it can cause significant discomfort, vision problems, and even permanent damage.
Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition characterized by the thinning and bulging of the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped front of the eye. This condition causes blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and glare. Keratoconus usually affects both eyes, but it can affect one eye more than the other.
Keratosis pilaris (KP) is a common skin condition that causes dry, rough patches and tiny bumps on the skin. It is often referred to as "chicken skin" due to its appearance. KP is a harmless condition that affects both men and women of all ages, but it is more common in children and young adults. The condition is characterized by the appearance of small, rough bumps on the skin that are usually not painful or itchy.
Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the kidneys. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of the spine. Kidney cancer is a common type of cancer that affects both adults and children. In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, while in children, Wilms' tumor is a common type of kidney cancer.
Kidney cysts are round pouches of fluid that form on or in the kidneys. They can occur with disorders that may impair kidney function. However, most kidney cysts are simple kidney cysts, which are non-cancerous and rarely cause problems.
A kidney infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that occurs when bacteria enter the kidneys and cause an infection. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back on either side of the spine. They play a crucial role in filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood and removing them from the body through urine.
Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pea. Kidney stones can cause severe pain in the side or back, nausea and vomiting, and frequent urination.
Kleptomania is a mental health disorder that involves repeatedly being unable to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't really need. Often the items stolen have little value and you could afford to buy them. Kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder, which involves problems with emotional or behavioral self-control.
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that affects males, resulting in an extra copy of the X chromosome. It is a common chromosomal disorder that can affect 1 in 500 to 1 in 1,000 males. Klinefelter syndrome is often diagnosed in adulthood, although it can be diagnosed earlier in childhood.
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by abnormal blood vessel and soft tissue development, leading to physical deformities and discomfort. It is a complex condition that affects approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. The main features of KTS include a red birthmark (port-wine stain), atypical vein or lymphatic development (malformations), and overgrowth of tissues and bones.
Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae, which reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles, and skin near the joints. Knee bursitis can occur on either side of the knee joint, but most commonly affects the area over the kneecap or on the inner side of the knee below the joint.
Kyphosis is a condition characterized by excessive forward rounding of the upper back. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages, from infants to older adults. The degree of curvature can vary from mild to severe, and it can cause significant pain and discomfort.
Lactose intolerance is a condition where people are unable to fully digest the sugar in milk, known as lactose. This leads to symptoms like diarrhea, gas, and bloating after consuming dairy products. The condition is usually harmless but can be uncomfortable for those affected.
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that occurs when the vocal cords become inflamed due to overuse, irritation, or infection. The larynx is a complex structure that contains two folds of mucous membrane covering muscle and cartilage. The vocal cords are responsible for producing sound by opening and closing smoothly, allowing air to pass through and vibrate. When the vocal cords become inflamed, it can cause pain and discomfort when speaking or singing.
Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a product made from the rubber tree. If you have a latex allergy, your body mistakes latex for a harmful substance. This reaction can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and even life-threatening.
Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body, often over months or years. Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. Children younger than 6 years are especially vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can severely affect mental and physical development. At very high levels, lead poisoning can be fatal.
Left ventricular hypertrophy is a condition where the walls of the left ventricle, the heart's main pumping chamber, become thickened. This can occur due to various factors, including high blood pressure, valve disease, and coronary artery disease. As the heart wall thickens, it can become stiff and less effective at pumping blood.
Legg-Calve-Perthes (LEG-kahl-VAY-PER-tuz) disease is a childhood condition that occurs when blood supply to the ball part (femoral head) of the hip joint is temporarily interrupted and the bone begins to die. This weakened bone gradually breaks apart and can lose its round shape. The body eventually restores blood supply to the ball, and the ball heals. But if the ball is no longer round after it heals, it can cause pain and stiffness. The complete process of bone death, fracture and renewal can take several years.
Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacteria. It's a type of lung inflammation that can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated. The bacteria are typically found in water and soil, and most people catch Legionnaires' disease by inhaling the bacteria from contaminated sources.
Leiomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue is found in many areas of the body, including the digestive system, urinary system, blood vessels, and uterus. Leiomyosarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that can occur in various parts of the body, but it most often begins in the abdomen or uterus.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and lymphatic system. The bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, including white blood cells, which are vital for fighting infections. Leukemia occurs when the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that do not function properly. These abnormal cells can crowd out the normal cells in the bone marrow, leading to a shortage of healthy blood cells.
Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by the formation of thick, white patches on the gums, cheeks, and mouth. These patches are not cancerous and cannot be scraped off. Doctors do not know the exact cause of leukoplakia, but ongoing irritation from tobacco or long-term alcohol use may be the most common causes.
Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin, hair, nails, mouth, and genitals. It is characterized by the formation of purple, itchy, flat bumps on the skin and lacy white patches in the mouth and genital mucosa. The condition can cause significant discomfort and pain.
Lichen sclerosus is a chronic skin condition that causes patchy, discolored skin in the genital and anal areas. It is a common condition that affects both men and women, but postmenopausal women are at higher risk. The condition is not contagious and cannot be spread through sexual contact.
A lipoma is a type of benign tumor that is composed of fatty tissue. It is a common condition that affects both men and women, typically occurring in middle age. A lipoma is usually detected as a slow-growing, painless lump that can be found anywhere on the body, but most commonly occurs between the skin and the underlying muscle layer.
Liver cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in detoxifying the blood and aids in the digestion of food. It is a common occurrence for liver cancer to develop in people who have a pre-existing condition or have been exposed to certain substances. In this article, we will explore the different types of liver cancer, its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in the body's overall health. It is responsible for helping to digest food, removing waste products from the body, and producing substances that help to prevent blood clotting. However, the liver can be affected by various diseases and conditions, which can cause a range of symptoms and complications. In this article, we will explore the different types of liver disease, their causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment options.
A liver hemangioma is a type of benign tumor that arises from the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the liver. The tumor is composed of a tangled mass of blood vessels, which can be large or small in size. Liver hemangiomas can occur in people of all ages, but they are most common in women between the ages of 30 and 50.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an uncommon condition that occurs when abnormal cells grow in the milk glands (lobules) of the breast. The condition is not cancerous, but it is considered a high-risk lesion for breast cancer. LCIS is often diagnosed incidentally during a breast biopsy done for another reason.
Low blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls is too low. It's also known as hypotension. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). In general, low blood pressure is a reading lower than 90/60 mm Hg.
Low blood pressure is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It can be caused by various factors, including medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle habits. While low blood pressure might cause no symptoms that you notice, it can also lead to dizziness and fainting. In severe cases, low blood pressure can be life-threatening.
Sexual desire is a natural and important part of a woman's life. However, it's common for women's levels of sexual desire to change over the years. These changes can be caused by various factors, including relationships, life changes, and medications. In this article, we'll explore the reasons behind these changes and provide guidance on how to manage low sex drive and when to seek medical help.
Women's sexual desire is influenced by a complex interplay of physical, emotional, and psychological factors. Hormonal changes, stress, and body image issues can all impact a woman's sexual desire. Additionally, societal expectations and cultural norms can also play a role in shaping a woman's sexuality.
A low sperm count is a common condition that affects many men worldwide. It's also known as oligospermia (ol-ih-go-SPUR-me-uh). A complete absence of sperm is called azoospermia. A low sperm count can significantly decrease the chances of a man's sperm fertilizing his partner's egg, making it challenging to conceive.
In this article, we'll delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for low sperm count. We'll also explore the risk factors and complications associated with this condition and discuss when to see a doctor.
Low sperm count is a common condition that affects men of all ages. It's estimated that up to 10% of men experience low sperm count at some point in their lives. The condition is characterized by a lower-than-normal number of sperm in the semen, which can affect a man's fertility.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the lungs. The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest that control breathing. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and it is estimated that over 1.8 million people are diagnosed with lung cancer each year.
Lung cancer is a complex and devastating disease that can have a significant impact on patients' quality of life. The disease is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, which can lead to the formation of tumors. These tumors can grow and spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, brain, and liver.
Lupus is a complex and chronic autoimmune disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by inflammation caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues and organs. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for lupus, as well as provide information on risk factors and complications.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body. It is characterized by inflammation caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues and organs. The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Lupus nephritis is a serious condition that affects people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known as lupus. It is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own cells and organs. Lupus nephritis occurs when lupus autoantibodies affect parts of the kidneys that filter out waste, causing inflammation and damage to the kidneys.
Lupus nephritis is a common complication of lupus, affecting up to 60% of people with SLE. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the kidneys, which can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure.
Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). It is a common tick-borne illness that can cause serious health complications if left untreated.
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that affects humans and animals. It is most common in the upper Midwest and northeastern and mid-Atlantic states in the United States, but it can also be found in Europe and south central and southeastern Canada. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 30,000 cases of Lyme disease reported each year in the United States.
Lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the body. It is a common condition that can affect anyone, but it is most common in people who have undergone cancer treatment that involves the removal or damage of lymph nodes. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options for lymphedema.
Lymphedema is a condition that occurs when the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain lymph fluid from the body. This can lead to tissue swelling and other complications. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that work together to remove waste and toxins from the body.
The lymphatic system is a vital part of the body's immune system, responsible for fighting infections and diseases. However, when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control, it can lead to lymphoma, a type of cancer. In this article, we will explore the different types of lymphoma, its causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is made up of various organs and tissues that work together to defend the body against infections and diseases. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. Lymphoma can affect any of these areas and other organs in the body.
Lynch syndrome is a rare genetic condition that increases the risk of developing several types of cancer. This condition is passed from parents to children through an inherited mutation in the genes responsible for DNA repair. Families with Lynch syndrome are more likely to experience an increased incidence of cancer than the general population. This article will provide an overview of Lynch syndrome, its causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention strategies, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment and management options, and when to see a doctor.
Lynch syndrome is a type of hereditary cancer syndrome that is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for DNA repair. These mutations can lead to the development of multiple types of cancer, including colon cancer, endometrial cancer, and others. The risk of developing cancer is higher for individuals with Lynch syndrome than for those without the condition.
Malaria is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease caused by a parasite that is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The disease is common in tropical and subtropical countries, where it is estimated that nearly 290 million people are infected each year, resulting in over 400,000 deaths.
Malaria is a preventable disease that is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, typically between dusk and dawn. Once infected, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver, where it multiplies and eventually causes symptoms.
Breast cancer is a condition that is typically associated with women. However, men are not immune to breast cancer. Male breast cancer is a rare condition that affects men of all ages, but it is often diagnosed in older men. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies for male breast cancer.
Male breast cancer is a rare condition that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. It is a type of cancer that is characterized by the abnormal growth and spread of cells in the breast tissue. While it is rare, male breast cancer can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.
Male hypogonadism is a condition where the body does not produce enough testosterone or sperm, which are essential for masculine growth and development during puberty. This condition can be caused by various factors, including genetic disorders, injuries, infections, and hormonal imbalances. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies for male hypogonadism.
Male hypogonadism is a condition that affects approximately 1 in 100 men worldwide. It is characterized by low levels of testosterone and sperm production, which can lead to delayed puberty, infertility, and other sexual dysfunction. The condition can be caused by various factors, including genetic disorders, injuries, infections, and hormonal imbalances.
Male infertility is a common condition that affects millions of men worldwide. It is defined as the inability to conceive a child even after frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for a year or longer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 1 in 7 couples is infertile, and up to half of these couples may experience male infertility as a contributing factor.
Male infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including low sperm production, abnormal sperm function, and blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm. The condition can be complex and may require a combination of medical and lifestyle changes to address.