Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are a rare and complex type of cancer that develops in the lining of the nerves. These tumors occur in the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that run from the spinal cord into the body. They are also known as neurofibrosarcomas. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors can occur anywhere in the body, but they mostly occur in the deep tissue of the arms, legs, and trunk.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are a type of soft tissue sarcoma that arises from the peripheral nerves. They are considered rare cancers, accounting for only 1% of all cancer cases. The tumors can occur in any part of the body, but they are most commonly found in the extremities, such as the arms and legs.
Mammary duct ectasia is a condition that affects the milk ducts beneath the nipple, causing them to widen and become blocked. The condition can occur in women of any age, but it is most common during perimenopause, around age 45 to 55 years. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention strategies for mammary duct ectasia.
Mammary duct ectasia is a benign condition that occurs when one or more milk ducts beneath the nipple widens. The duct walls may thicken, and the duct may fill with fluid. The milk duct may become blocked or clogged with a thick, sticky substance. The condition often causes no symptoms, but some women may have nipple discharge, breast tenderness or inflammation of the clogged duct (periductal mastitis).
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue in the body. It is characterized by a unique set of physical and medical features that can impact an individual's quality of life. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies for Marfan syndrome.
Marfan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 10,000 people worldwide. It is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, which codes for a protein called fibrillin-1. This protein is essential for the development and maintenance of connective tissue throughout the body.
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the breast tissue, causing pain, swelling, warmth, and redness. While it is most commonly associated with breastfeeding, mastitis can occur in women who are not breast-feeding and even in men. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies for mastitis.
Mastitis is a common condition that affects millions of women worldwide. It is characterized by an inflammation of the breast tissue, which can lead to a range of symptoms including breast pain, swelling, warmth, and redness. In some cases, mastitis can also cause fever and chills.
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to break down fats and convert them into energy. This condition is also known as medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or MCAD deficiency. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies for this condition.
MCAD deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the metabolism of fatty acids. Fatty acids are an essential source of energy for the body, and their metabolism is critical for maintaining normal bodily functions. In individuals with MCAD deficiency, the body is unable to properly break down certain fats and convert them into energy. This can lead to a range of symptoms and complications if left untreated.
Measles is a highly contagious and potentially deadly disease that affects children and adults worldwide. Once a common childhood infection, measles has become a rare disease in many countries due to the widespread use of vaccines. However, it still kills more than 200,000 people each year, mostly children under the age of five.
Measles is a viral infection that spreads easily from person to person through the air or by touching contaminated surfaces. The virus is highly contagious and can infect people who are not vaccinated or who have not developed immunity to the disease. Measles is characterized by a distinctive rash, fever, and cough.
Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS) is a rare condition that occurs when the median arcuate ligament (MAL) compresses the celiac artery, which is responsible for supplying blood to the upper abdomen. The compression can cause a range of symptoms, including stomach pain, abdominal pain, and digestive issues. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management options for MALS.
The median arcuate ligament is a band of tissue located in the chest area that connects the diaphragm to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. The celiac artery is the main blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the upper abdomen. In MALS, the MAL compresses the celiac artery, reducing blood flow to the upper abdomen and causing symptoms.
Medication overuse headaches, also known as rebound headaches, are a type of headache that occurs when the long-term use of pain relievers leads to the development of a headache disorder. These headaches can be debilitating and can significantly impact a person's quality of life.
Medication overuse headaches are a common condition that can affect anyone who takes pain relievers regularly. The condition occurs when the body becomes dependent on the pain relievers and develops a tolerance to them. As a result, the body produces more pain-causing chemicals, leading to the development of a headache disorder.
Medulloblastoma is a rare and aggressive type of brain tumor that starts in the lower part of the brain, specifically in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for controlling muscle coordination, balance, and movement. Medulloblastoma is a cancerous tumor that begins as a growth of cells, which can quickly spread to other parts of the brain through the cerebrospinal fluid.
Medulloblastoma is a type of pediatric brain tumor that typically affects children under the age of 10. However, it can also occur in adults. The tumor is characterized by its aggressive growth and tendency to spread to other parts of the brain. Medulloblastoma is often diagnosed at an early stage, and treatment options are available to help manage the condition.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that starts in the melanocytes, which are cells that produce the pigment melanin. Melanin is responsible for giving skin its color and helps protect it from the harmful effects of the sun. Melanoma typically develops in areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as the arms, back, face, and legs.
Melanoma is a serious and aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread quickly if left untreated. It is estimated that over 90% of melanomas are caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
Meniere's disease is a chronic inner ear disorder that affects the balance and hearing functions. It is characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo, which is a feeling of spinning or dizziness. Meniere's disease can also cause hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear.
Meniere's disease is a complex condition that affects the inner ear and is often difficult to diagnose. It is estimated that approximately 1 in 100,000 people develop Meniere's disease each year. The condition can affect anyone at any age, but it typically begins between the ages of 40 to 60.
Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These membranes are called meninges. The inflammation from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as headache, fever, and a stiff neck.
Meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. The infection can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. In the United States, most cases of meningitis are caused by a viral infection.
Menopause is a natural biological process that occurs in women when they stop having menstrual periods. It's diagnosed after 12 months without a menstrual period, vaginal bleeding or spotting. Menopause can happen in the 40s or 50s, but the average age is 51 in the United States.
Menopause is a natural part of life for women. It's a sign that the body is no longer able to produce eggs and hormones needed to regulate menstruation. Menopause is not a disease, but it can bring physical and emotional symptoms that disrupt daily life.
Menstrual cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea, are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen that many women experience just before and during their menstrual periods. While some women may find menstrual cramps to be merely annoying, for others, they can be severe enough to interfere with their daily activities for a few days every month.
Menstrual cramps are a common condition that affects millions of women worldwide. They are caused by the contraction of the uterus as it prepares for menstruation. These contractions can be painful and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as bloating, mood swings, and fatigue.
Mental illness, also known as mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions that affect an individual's mood, thinking, and behavior. Mental illness is not a personal failing or a sign of weakness, but rather a medical condition that requires treatment and support.
Mental illness is a complex and multifaceted condition that can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background. It is estimated that one in four people will experience a mental health issue each year, making it a common and widespread condition. Mental illness can manifest in different ways, including changes in mood, thoughts, behavior, and physical symptoms.
Meralgia paresthetica is a condition that causes tingling, numbness, and burning pain in the outer thigh. It is also known as lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment. This condition occurs when the nerve that provides feeling to the skin covering the thigh is compressed or pinched. This compression can cause a range of symptoms, including numbness, tingling, and burning pain in the outer thigh.
Meralgia paresthetica is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is often seen in people who wear tight clothing, are overweight or obese, or are pregnant. However, meralgia paresthetica can also occur due to an injury or a disease such as diabetes.
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that typically affects older adults. It is also known as neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. The disease is characterized by the development of a flesh-colored or bluish-red nodule on the skin, often on the face, head, or neck.
Mesenteric ischemia is a condition that occurs when narrowed or blocked arteries restrict blood flow to the small intestine. This can lead to permanent damage to the small intestine and potentially life-threatening complications. The condition is characterized by a decrease in blood flow to the small intestine, which can cause a range of symptoms.
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The condition is characterized by a combination of factors that increase your risk of developing these conditions, including:
- Increased blood pressure.
- High blood sugar.
- Excess body fat around the waist.
- Abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called sulfatides, which helps break down fatty substances in cells. The buildup of these substances leads to damage in the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve cells. As a result, the brain and nervous system progressively lose function.
Metatarsalgia is a common condition that affects the ball of the foot, causing pain and inflammation. It is often caused by repetitive stress or strain on the foot, particularly in individuals who engage in activities that involve running or jumping. While metatarsalgia is not typically a serious condition, it can be debilitating and may require treatment to alleviate symptoms.
Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition characterized by an infant's head being significantly smaller than the heads of other children of the same age and sex. This condition can be detected at birth or may occur after birth due to a problem with brain development or growth. While there is no cure for microcephaly, early intervention with supportive therapies can help improve a child's development and quality of life.
Microscopic colitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the large intestine, also known as the colon. This condition is often referred to as lymphocytic colitis or collagenous colitis. The name "microscopic colitis" is given because the condition is diagnosed by examining the colon tissue under a microscope. The tissue appears normal on examination with a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, but under a microscope, the inflammation and irritation are evident.
Migraines are a type of headache disorder that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. They are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so bad that it interferes with daily activities. While migraines can be debilitating, there are many effective treatment options available to help manage the symptoms and prevent future attacks.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition that is often referred to as the "gray area" between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It is characterized by a decline in cognitive function, including memory, language, and judgment, but it is not severe enough to significantly impact daily life or affect usual activities. MCI is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and it is often considered a precursor to dementia.
Milk allergy is an atypical immune system response to milk and products containing milk. It's one of the most common food allergies in children, and it's estimated that 2.5% of children under the age of three are affected by it (1). Cow's milk is the usual cause of milk allergy, but milk from sheep, goats, buffalo, and other mammals can also cause a reaction.
Miscarriage is the sudden loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week. It is a common complication of pregnancy, affecting about 10% to 20% of known pregnancies. However, the actual number of miscarriages may be higher due to the fact that many occur early on, before people realize they are pregnant. The term "miscarriage" might sound as if something was amiss in the carrying of the pregnancy, but this is rarely true. Many miscarriages happen because the unborn baby does not develop properly.
Mitral valve disease is a condition that affects the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. The mitral valve is responsible for ensuring that blood flows properly from the atrium to the ventricle. Mitral valve disease can occur due to various reasons, including wear and tear, infection, or birth defects. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies for mitral valve disease.
Mitral valve prolapse is a type of heart valve disease that affects the valve between the left heart chambers. The flaps (leaflets) of the mitral valve are floppy and bulge backward (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart's left upper chamber as the heart squeezes (contracts). This condition is also known as Barlow's syndrome or click-murmur syndrome. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies for mitral valve prolapse.
Mitral valve regurgitation is a common type of heart valve disease that affects the valve between the left heart chambers. In this condition, the valve doesn't close fully, allowing blood to leak backward across the valve. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
Mitral valve stenosis is a condition where the valve between the left heart chambers narrows, reducing blood flow into the heart's main pumping chamber. This can lead to a range of symptoms and complications if left untreated.
Mittelschmerz is a common condition characterized by one-sided lower abdominal pain that occurs midway through a menstrual cycle, typically around 14 days before the next menstrual period. The term "mittelschmerz" is German for "middle pain," which refers to the location and timing of the pain.
Molar pregnancy is a rare complication of pregnancy that involves the abnormal growth of cells called trophoblasts. These cells typically form the organ that feeds a growing fetus, known as the placenta. Molar pregnancy can occur in two types: complete molar pregnancy and partial molar pregnancy.
Mold allergy is a common condition where the immune system overreacts to mold spores in the air. When you breathe in mold spores, your body mistakes them for a foreign substance and triggers an allergic reaction. This can lead to symptoms such as coughing, itchy eyes, and congestion.
C, also known as nevi, are small, dark brown spots that appear on the skin as a result of clusters of pigment-forming cells called melanocytes. They are a common occurrence, and most people develop 10 to 45 moles during childhood and adolescence. Moles can change over time, and some may even fade away. While most moles are harmless, rare cases can become cancerous, making it essential to be aware of changes in your moles and other pigmented patches to detect skin cancer early.
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes the formation of small, painless bumps on the skin. These bumps, also known as mollusca, are typically firm and round in shape, ranging in size from a pinhead to a pencil eraser. The infection is highly contagious and can spread through person-to-person contact, contact with infected objects, and even through sexual activity. While most common in children, molluscum contagiosum can affect adults as well, particularly those with weakened immune systems.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which an abnormal protein, known as monoclonal protein or M protein, is present in the blood. This protein is produced by the bone marrow, which is the soft, blood-producing tissue in the center of bones. MGUS is a common condition that occurs most often in older men, but it can also affect women and younger individuals.
Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is a common viral illness that is often referred to as the "kissing disease" due to its mode of transmission through saliva. The virus that causes mono, known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is spread through contact with an infected person's saliva, which can occur through kissing, sharing food or drinks, or even just being in close proximity to someone who has the virus. While mono is not as contagious as some other infections, it can still cause significant symptoms and discomfort for those who contract it.
Mood disorders are a group of conditions that affect a person's emotional state, causing feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety. Depression and bipolar disorder are two of the most common types of mood disorders, and they can have a significant impact on a person's daily life. In this article, we will delve into the complexities of mood disorders, including their causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment options.
Morning sickness is a common symptom of pregnancy that affects many women during the first trimester. Despite its name, morning sickness can occur at any time of the day or night, and it is not limited to just mornings. It is characterized by feelings of nausea and vomiting, which can be uncomfortable and even debilitating for some women. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, prevention methods, treatment options, and complications associated with morning sickness.
Morphea is a rare condition that causes painless, discolored patches on the skin. It is characterized by the appearance of firm, dry, and smooth patches on the skin, typically on the belly, chest, or back. In some cases, the patches may also appear on the face, arms, and legs. Morphea is a chronic condition that tends to affect only the outer layers of the skin, but some forms of the condition may also affect deeper tissues and restrict movement in the joints.
Morton's neuroma is a common condition that affects the ball of your foot, typically occurring between the third and fourth toes. It is characterized by a thickening of the tissue around one of the nerves leading to the toes, causing a sharp, burning pain in the affected area. This condition can significantly impact daily activities, making it difficult to walk or even stand.
Mosquito bites are a common annoyance that can cause itchiness, swelling, and discomfort. While most mosquito bites are harmless, some can lead to severe illnesses and even death. In this article, we will delve into the world of mosquito bites, exploring the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options. We will also discuss the more severe consequences of mosquito bites and when to seek medical attention.
Moyamoya disease is a rare and complex condition that affects the blood vessels in the brain. It is characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the carotid artery, which reduces blood flow to the brain. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including strokes, cognitive and developmental delays, and disability. Moyamoya disease is more common in East Asian countries, particularly in Korea, Japan, and China.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacterial infection that has become resistant to many antibiotics. MRSA is caused by a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and other semisynthetic penicillins. MRSA infections can occur in people who have been in hospitals or other health care settings, as well as in people who have not been in these settings.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the endocrine glands and small intestine. Also known as Wermer's syndrome, MEN 1 is a complex condition that causes tumors to grow in the endocrine glands and parts of the small intestine and stomach. The excess hormones released by these tumors can lead to a wide range of signs and symptoms.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, lips, mouth, eyes, and digestive tract. The condition is characterized by the growth of benign tumors in these areas, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications.
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to control movement, balance, and other bodily functions. It is characterized by the degeneration of several systems in the body, including the autonomic nervous system, cerebellum, and brainstem.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare condition that occurs in some children who have been infected with COVID-19. It is characterized by inflammation of multiple organs and tissues, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications.
Mumps is a contagious viral illness that affects the glands on each side of the face. These glands, called parotid glands, make saliva. The virus is highly contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person's saliva or mucus. Mumps is most common in children and young adults.
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. There are many kinds of muscular dystrophy, and symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex disorder that causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity but do not fully improve with rest. The cause of ME/CFS is unknown, although there are many theories. Experts believe it might be triggered by a combination of factors.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders characterized by the production of abnormal blood cells that do not function properly. MDS is caused by something amiss in the spongy material inside your bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow). The disorder can lead to anemia, fatigue, and infections.
Myelofibrosis is a rare and complex type of bone marrow cancer that disrupts the normal production of blood cells. It is characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with fibrous tissue, leading to severe anemia and other complications. Myelofibrosis is a chronic disease that can significantly impact quality of life.
Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the heart muscle, known as the myocardium. The condition can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. Myocarditis can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, medication reactions, and autoimmune disorders.
Myoclonus is a sudden, involuntary muscle jerk or twitch that can affect any part of the body. These movements can be brief and infrequent or prolonged and frequent. In some cases, myoclonus can be a symptom of an underlying condition or disorder, while in other cases, it may be a benign phenomenon.
Myofascial pain syndrome is a long-term pain condition that involves chronic pain in the muscles and fascia. The fascia is a thin layer of tissue that surrounds and connects the muscles, and pressure on these areas can cause pain. The pain can be felt in other parts of the body as well, which is known as referred pain.
Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a rare type of cancer that begins in the connective tissue. It is one of the many types of soft tissue sarcomas, which are cancers that start in the tissues that support and surround the organs, bones, and muscles. MFS typically occurs in adults over 50 years old and tends to happen in the arms and legs.
Nail fungus is a common infection of the nail that can affect both fingernails and toenails. It is caused by a fungal infection that begins as a white or yellow-brown spot under the tip of the nail. As the infection progresses, the nail may become discolored, thickened, and crumbled at the edge. Nail fungus can affect multiple nails and can be painful and uncomfortable.
Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental health condition characterized by an unreasonably high sense of one's own importance. People with this disorder have an excessive need for admiration and attention, and often lack empathy for others. They may come across as confident and charismatic, but behind this mask of confidence, they are often struggling with low self-esteem and are easily upset by criticism.
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep and wakefulness. People with narcolepsy often experience excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden muscle weakness, known as cataplexy. This can cause significant problems in their daily routine and can be debilitating.
Nasal and paranasal tumors are growths that begin in and around the passageway within the nose. Nasal tumors begin in the main passageway within the nose, called the nasal cavity, while paranasal tumors begin in air-filled chambers around the nose, called the paranasal sinuses.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the nasopharynx, which is located behind the nose and above the back of the throat. This type of cancer is relatively rare in the United States, but it occurs more frequently in other parts of the world, particularly in Southeast Asia.
Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects appear clear but far objects are blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia occurs when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. This can cause light rays that should be focused on the nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, to be focused in front of the retina instead.
Neck pain is a common condition that can affect anyone, regardless of age or occupation. Poor posture, whether from leaning over a computer or hunching over a workbench, can strain neck muscles and lead to neck pain. Osteoarthritis is also a common cause of neck pain. While neck pain is often a minor issue, it can be a symptom of a more serious problem.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare and debilitating disease that affects people with advanced kidney failure, often with or without dialysis. The condition is characterized by the progressive thickening and darkening of large areas of the skin, which can be disfiguring and disabling. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis can also affect internal organs, such as the heart and lungs, and can cause a disabling shortening of muscles and tendons in the joints (joint contracture).
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes excessive protein loss in urine. It is a condition where the kidneys are unable to filter waste and excess water from the blood properly, leading to the excretion of too much protein in the urine. This condition can cause a range of symptoms, including swelling, particularly in the feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems.
Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body. It is a rare and complex condition that can affect children of any age, but most commonly occurs in those under the age of 5.
Neurodermatitis is a chronic skin condition that starts with an itchy patch of skin. Scratching makes it itch more, and with more scratching, the skin becomes thick and leathery. The itching can be so intense that it disrupts sleep, sexual function, and quality of life.
Neuroendocrine tumors are a type of cancer that begins in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells. These cells have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing cells. Neuroendocrine tumors are rare and can occur anywhere in the body, but most commonly occur in the lungs, appendix, small intestine, rectum, and pancreas.
Neurofibroma is a type of benign nerve tumor that forms soft bumps on or under the skin. This condition is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells that arise from the peripheral nervous system. Neurofibroma can develop anywhere in the body, including the skin, muscles, and internal organs.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in 2,500 people worldwide. It is a complex disorder that causes changes in skin pigment and tumors on nerve tissue. The condition is characterized by the presence of multiple benign tumors on nerve tissue, which can grow anywhere in the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by inflammation in the nerves of the eye and spinal cord, which can lead to vision loss, weakness, and numbness. NMO is also known as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and Devic disease.
Nickel allergy is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis, an itchy rash that appears when the skin comes into contact with a substance that triggers an allergic reaction. Nickel is a metal that is found in many everyday items, including jewelry, cosmetics, detergents, and electronics.
Nicotine dependence is a condition in which an individual becomes physically and psychologically dependent on nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco products. Nicotine is the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco that provides a temporary sense of pleasure and relief. However, this pleasure is short-lived, and individuals often find themselves craving more nicotine to experience the same effects.
Niemann-Pick disease is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to break down and use fats, such as cholesterol and lipids, inside cells. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of fatty substances in the cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. Niemann-Pick disease can affect various organs, including the brain, nerves, liver, spleen, and bone marrow, sometimes also affecting the lungs.
Nightmares are a type of dream that is associated with negative emotions, such as anxiety or fear. They are a common occurrence in children and can happen at any age. Occasional nightmares are usually not a cause for concern, but frequent or recurring nightmares can be a sign of an underlying issue.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition where the liver becomes damaged due to excessive fat accumulation. It is not caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is often seen in people who are overweight or obese. NAFLD is becoming increasingly common, particularly in Middle Eastern and Western countries where the prevalence of obesity is high.
Nonallergic rhinitis is a chronic condition that affects the nasal passages and sinuses, causing symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and sinus pressure. Unlike allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, nonallergic rhinitis is not caused by an allergic reaction. The symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis can be debilitating and affect daily life, making it essential to understand the causes, risk factors, and treatment options.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, specifically the lymphatic system. It is a general category of lymphoma that encompasses various subtypes. The disease is characterized by the abnormal growth and proliferation of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can occur in any part of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is a type of skin cancer that is not melanoma. It is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all skin cancer cases. There are several types of nonmelanoma skin cancer, with the most common being basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Noonan syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of various parts of the body. It is characterized by unusual facial features, short stature, heart problems, and other physical abnormalities. The condition also affects a person's developmental pace, causing delays in walking, talking, and learning new skills.
Norovirus infection is a highly contagious and common cause of vomiting and diarrhea. It is a viral infection that affects millions of people worldwide each year. Norovirus infections can cause severe symptoms, including vomiting and diarrhea, that can lead to dehydration and even death in severe cases.
Obesity is a complex disease that involves having too much body fat. It is a medical problem that can lead to a range of serious health consequences. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1.9 billion adults worldwide were overweight in 2016, and over 650 million adults were obese. Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it is a serious health issue that requires attention and treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurring and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and disturbing. These unwanted thoughts and fears are known as obsessions, and they can lead to repetitive behaviors or compulsions. OCD is a complex condition that can significantly impact an individual's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by repeated episodes of shallow or interrupted breathing during sleep, which can lead to significant disruptions in sleep quality and overall health.
Occupational asthma is a type of asthma that develops as a result of exposure to substances in the workplace. It is also known as work-related asthma. This condition occurs when an individual breathes in fumes, gases, dust, or other substances that trigger an immune system response, leading to changes in how the lungs work. Occupational asthma can be a serious and potentially debilitating condition that affects an individual's ability to work and participate in daily activities.
Ocular rosacea, also known as roe-ZAY-she-uh, is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the eyes. It is often associated with rosacea, a chronic skin condition that affects the face. Ocular rosacea is characterized by redness, burning, and itching of the eyes, which can be debilitating and impact daily life. In this article, we will delve into the types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and management of ocular rosacea.
Oligodendroglioma is a rare and complex brain tumor that originates from the oligodendrocytes, cells that produce myelin, a fatty substance that protects nerve cells and facilitates the transmission of electrical signals in the brain and spinal cord. This type of tumor is most common in adults, but it can occur at any age. In this article, we will delve into the different types of oligodendroglioma, its causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention strategies, complications, diagnosis and evaluation methods, treatment options, and management techniques.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a mental health condition characterized by a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, and defiance towards authority figures, such as parents and teachers. ODD also includes a behavior called vindictiveness, which is characterized by being spiteful and seeking revenge. This condition can cause significant problems in family life, social activities, school, and work. As a parent, it can be overwhelming to manage a child with ODD, but with the help of healthcare professionals, you can get the support you need.
Optic neuritis is a condition that occurs when the optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain, becomes inflamed. This inflammation can cause damage to the optic nerve, leading to a range of symptoms including pain with eye movement, temporary vision loss in one eye, and even permanent vision loss if left untreated.
Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a common condition in which the fungus Candida albicans accumulates on the lining of the mouth. While Candida is a normal organism in the mouth, it can overgrow and cause symptoms, leading to a range of uncomfortable and potentially painful symptoms.
Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a type of low blood pressure that occurs when standing up after sitting or lying down. This condition is characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to dizziness, lightheadedness, and potentially fainting. Orthostatic hypotension can be mild and temporary, but it can also be a sign of more serious underlying medical conditions.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones, leading to joint pain and stiffness. OA can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the joints in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
Osteomyelitis is a serious infection that affects the bone. It occurs when bacteria, viruses, or fungi enter the bone and cause inflammation and damage. Osteomyelitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections, viral infections, and fungal infections. The symptoms of osteomyelitis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the affected area. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteomyelitis.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by the loss of bone density and strength, making bones brittle and prone to fractures. This condition affects millions of people worldwide, with a significant impact on quality of life. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis.
Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. It tends to occur most frequently in teenagers and young adults, but it can also affect younger children and older adults. Osteosarcoma can start in any bone, but it most commonly occurs in the long bones of the legs and sometimes the arms. In rare cases, it can occur in soft tissue outside the bone.
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. It is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with over 22,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The disease is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the ovaries, which can multiply quickly and invade surrounding tissues.
Ovarian cysts are sacs that develop on the ovaries or on their surface. They are usually filled with fluid and are a common condition in women. The ovaries are almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus, and each ovary is responsible for producing eggs and hormones.