Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an exaggerated response to excess hormones, typically caused by injectable hormone medications used to stimulate the development of eggs in the ovaries. OHSS is a serious condition that can cause significant discomfort and potentially life-threatening complications.
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition characterized by sudden urges to urinate that may be difficult to control. This condition is also known as OAB. People with OAB may experience a strong and sudden need to urinate, often without warning. This can lead to frequent urination during the day and night, as well as accidental urine loss, known as urgency incontinence.
Paget's disease of bone is a condition that affects the normal recycling process of bone tissue. In this condition, new bone tissue gradually replaces old bone tissue, leading to bones that are fragile and misshapen. The pelvis, skull, spine, and legs are most commonly affected. While the exact cause of Paget's disease is unknown, it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Painful intercourse is a common problem that affects many people. It is characterized by lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs before, during, or after sex. This condition is known as dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and management strategies for painful intercourse.
Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind the lower part of the stomach and plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar management. The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ located behind the stomach that produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cysts are typically found during imaging testing for another problem. They are usually benign, but in some cases, they can be malignant.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits behind the stomach and produces enzymes and hormones that help digest food. PNETs start from the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas, called islet cells. Another term for PNETs is islet cell cancer.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, which can cause severe pain and damage to the organ. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits behind the stomach and plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Inflammation of the pancreas can occur suddenly (acute) or chronically over time (chronic).
Panic attacks are sudden episodes of intense fear that can be very frightening. They are characterized by a sudden onset of physical symptoms such as a racing heartbeat, sweating, and trembling. Panic attacks can be triggered by a variety of factors, including stress, anxiety, and certain medical conditions. In some cases, panic attacks can occur without any apparent trigger or cause.
Paraganglioma is an abnormal growth of cells that forms from a specific type of nerve cell called chromaffin cells. These cells are found throughout the body and play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. Chromaffin cells produce hormones that help control blood pressure and heart rate. When chromaffin cells become abnormal, they can form tumors that can be benign or malignant. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body, including the adrenal glands, sympathetic ganglia, and paraganglia.
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare conditions that develop in some people who have cancer. These syndromes occur when the immune system, which is fighting the cancer, also attacks parts of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, or muscle. This can cause a range of symptoms, including weakness, numbness, and pain.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and the parts of the body controlled by the nerves. It is characterized by symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowing of movement. The first symptom of Parkinson's disease is often a barely noticeable tremor in one hand, but it can also cause facial expressions to become less expressive, arm swing to disappear when walking, and speech to become soft or slurred.
The parotid glands are two salivary glands that sit just in front of the ears. They are responsible for producing saliva to help with chewing and digesting food. Like any other part of the body, the parotid glands can develop growths of cells, which are called tumors. These growths can be benign or malignant, meaning they can be non-cancerous or cancerous. Parotid tumors are a type of growth that develops in the parotid glands.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the way the pulmonary veins connect to the heart. It is present at birth and occurs when some of the blood vessels from the lungs attach to the wrong place in the heart.
Parvovirus infection is a highly contagious and common childhood illness that affects children worldwide. It's also known as slapped-cheek disease due to the characteristic face rash that develops. The virus is highly contagious and can spread quickly through direct contact with an infected person or by sharing contaminated objects.
Patellar tendinitis is a type of overuse injury that affects the tendon connecting the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia). It is also known as jumper's knee due to its high prevalence in athletes who participate in jumping sports such as basketball and volleyball. However, even people who do not participate in jumping sports can develop patellar tendinitis. The condition is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the tendon, leading to pain and stiffness in the knee.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a common condition that affects the knee joint, causing pain and discomfort at the front of the knee. It is also known as runner's knee due to its high prevalence in athletes who participate in running and jumping sports. The condition is characterized by pain and stiffness in the knee joint, particularly around the kneecap (patella).
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. This blood vessel is present in the womb and allows oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to bypass the lungs and flow directly to the rest of the body. Normally, the ductus arteriosus closes shortly after birth as the lungs begin to take over oxygenation of the blood. However, in individuals with PDA, the ductus arteriosus remains open, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when a small opening between the upper heart chambers fails to close after birth. The foramen ovale is a flaplike opening that separates the upper heart chambers, or atria, and typically closes during infancy. When it doesn't close, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
Peanut allergy is one of the most common and potentially life-threatening food allergies. It is an immune system disorder that occurs when the body mistakenly identifies peanuts as a harmful substance and reacts to them with an allergic response. Peanut allergy is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, which leads to a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest, giving the appearance of a deep dent or hollow. This condition is also known as funnel chest. In severe cases, the sunken breastbone can be so deep that it appears as if the center of the chest has been scooped out.
Pediatric brain tumors are growths of cells that start in or near the brain in children. These growths, called tumors, can grow to press on nearby parts of the brain, causing a range of symptoms and complications. While pediatric brain tumors can be serious and life-threatening, many children can be successfully treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which your child's breathing is partially or completely blocked during sleep. It can happen several times a night, and the condition occurs when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. While adults with sleep apnea often experience daytime sleepiness, children with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea may exhibit behavioral problems instead.
White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, play a crucial role in fighting off bacterial infections, viruses, and fungi. However, sometimes the body produces too few or too many white blood cells, which can lead to various disorders. In this article, we will explore the different types of white blood cell disorders, their causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infection that affects the female reproductive organs. It is often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria that spread from the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. PID can lead to serious complications, including infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy.
Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition where one or more pelvic organs drop from their position, causing a bulge in the vagina. This occurs when the muscles and connective tissues of the pelvic floor weaken, allowing the pelvic organs to fall or slide down. The pelvic organs include the vagina, bladder, uterus, urethra, and rectum.
Pemphigus is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes blisters and sores on the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin or mucous membranes, which can rupture and leave painful sores. Pemphigus can occur at any age, but it is most commonly seen in people who are middle-aged or older.
Penicillin allergy is an abnormal reaction of the immune system to the antibiotic drug penicillin. Penicillin is a widely used antibiotic that is prescribed for treating various bacterial infections. However, some people may experience an allergic reaction to penicillin, which can range from mild to severe.
Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. These painful sores can cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. The most common symptoms of peptic ulcers include stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Pericardial effusion is a condition where excess fluid builds up in the pericardium, a double-layered sac-like structure that surrounds the heart. The pericardium typically contains a thin layer of fluid that helps to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the heart and surrounding tissues. However, if the pericardium becomes diseased or injured, inflammation can occur, leading to excess fluid accumulation. This condition can be caused by various factors, including infection, inflammation, and trauma.
Pericarditis is a condition where the thin tissue surrounding the heart, called the pericardium, becomes swollen and irritated. This can cause sharp chest pain when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis can be mild or severe, and treatment may include medicines and, in rare cases, surgery.
Perimenopause is a natural transition to menopause, marking the end of the reproductive years. During this phase, women's bodies undergo significant changes in hormone levels, leading to a range of physical and emotional symptoms. Perimenopause can start as early as the mid-30s or 40s and typically lasts around 2-10 years before reaching menopause.
Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue around teeth. It is a common condition that can usually be prevented by practicing good oral hygiene and visiting a dentist regularly. Without treatment, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and other serious health problems.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common condition in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms or legs. This condition may also be referred to as peripheral arterial disease. PAD is a type of circulatory disease that can cause symptoms such as leg pain when walking, also known as claudication.
Peripheral nerves are responsible for sending messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. They play a crucial role in controlling various bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and organ function. However, peripheral nerves are fragile and easily damaged, which can lead to peripheral neuropathy. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for peripheral nerve injury.
Peripheral neuropathy is a condition that affects the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by weakness, numbness, and pain in the hands and feet, as well as other areas and body functions. The peripheral nervous system is responsible for sending information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body through motor nerves. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system through sensory nerves.
Peritonitis is a serious medical condition that occurs when the lining of the abdominal cavity, known as the peritoneum, becomes inflamed. The peritoneum is a thin layer of tissue that surrounds the abdominal organs and plays a crucial role in maintaining their normal function. Peritonitis can occur due to various reasons, including infection from bacteria or fungi, and can lead to severe complications if left untreated.
Persistent depressive disorder is a type of depression that is characterized by a continuous, long-term period of low mood. This condition is also known as dysthymia or chronic depression. It is a common mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide.
Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also known as post-concussion syndrome, is a condition that occurs when symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury last longer than expected after an injury. This condition is characterized by a range of physical and cognitive symptoms that can significantly impact an individual's daily life.
Pet allergy is a common allergic reaction to proteins found in an animal's skin cells, saliva, and urine. The allergy is triggered by exposure to the dead flakes of skin (dander) that animals shed. Any animal with fur can be a source of pet allergy, but cats and dogs are most commonly associated with pet allergies.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine. This disorder occurs when a person's body is unable to break down phenylalanine, which is a building block of proteins. As a result, phenylalanine builds up in the body, leading to serious health problems.
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that grows in an adrenal gland. The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney and produce hormones that help regulate blood pressure, heart rate, and other bodily functions. In most cases, the tumor is benign, meaning it is not cancerous. However, if left untreated, a pheochromocytoma can cause serious and life-threatening complications.
A pilonidal cyst is a rare and unusual condition that affects the skin near the tailbone. The cyst is usually caused by hair puncturing the skin and becoming embedded, leading to inflammation and infection. The condition is more common in young adult males and tends to recur. Pilonidal cysts can be painful and may require treatment to drain or surgically remove the affected area.
A pinched nerve occurs when too much pressure is applied to a nerve by surrounding tissues, such as bones, cartilage, muscles or tendons. This pressure can cause pain, tingling, numbness or weakness in various parts of the body. A pinched nerve can occur in many areas of the body, including the neck, back, arms, and legs.
Pineoblastoma is a rare and aggressive type of brain cancer that originates in the pineal gland. The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain and plays a crucial role in the body's natural sleep-wake cycle by producing the hormone melatonin. Pineoblastoma is a malignant tumor that can grow rapidly and invade surrounding healthy tissue.
Pinworm infection, also known as enterobiasis, is a common parasitic infection caused by the pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) parasite. The infection occurs when a person ingests pinworm eggs that are present on contaminated food, surfaces, or human contact. The most common symptom of pinworm infection is anal itching, particularly at night, as worms migrate to the host's anal area to lay their eggs.
Pituitary tumors are unusual growths that develop in the pituitary gland, an organ located behind the nose at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, such as growth and development, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Pituitary tumors can be benign or malignant, and they can affect hormone production and overall health.
Pityriasis rosea is a common skin condition that affects people of all ages, but is most common between the ages of 10 and 35. It is characterized by a rash that often begins as an oval spot on the face, chest, abdomen or back. This is called a herald patch and may be up to 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. The rash can be itchy and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Placenta accreta is a serious pregnancy condition that occurs when the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall. This can happen when the placenta fails to detach from the uterine wall after childbirth, causing severe bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
Placenta previa is a condition that occurs during pregnancy when the placenta attaches to the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. This can cause severe bleeding in the mother before, during, or after delivery.
Placental abruption is a rare yet serious complication of pregnancy that occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus. This can happen partly or completely, and it can cause a decrease or blockage in the baby's supply of oxygen and nutrients. In severe cases, it can also cause heavy bleeding in the mother.
Plague is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is a rare disease that affects a few people each year in rural or semirural areas of western states in the United States. The germs that cause plague mostly live in small rodents and their fleas, and the most common way for humans to get plague is through a flea bite.
Plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tur fas-e-I-tis) is a common condition that causes pain and inflammation in the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. It is one of the most common causes of heel pain and can be debilitating for those who suffer from it.
Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to swelling and irritation, also called inflammation, of lung tissue. It is a condition that can occur in anyone, but it is more common in people who are exposed to airborne irritants or have certain medical conditions. While lung infections such as pneumonia can cause inflammation of lung tissue, pneumonitis is a separate condition that is not caused by an infection.
Pneumothorax is a condition in which air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This can be a partial or complete collapse of the lung. The air can enter the space through various means, including blunt or penetrating chest injuries, certain medical procedures, or underlying lung diseases.
POEMS syndrome is a rare blood disorder that affects the nerves and other parts of the body. It is a type of plasma cell disorder that is characterized by the production of abnormal amounts of a protein in the bone marrow. This protein can cause damage to various parts of the body, including the nerves, skin, and organs.
Poison ivy rash is a common and highly allergic reaction to an oily resin called urushiol (u-ROO-she-ol). This oil is found in the leaves, stems, and roots of poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. The rash can cause intense itching, redness, and swelling, and can last for weeks or even months.
Polio is a highly infectious and debilitating viral disease that affects the nervous system. It is also known as poliomyelitis. The virus mainly targets the nerves in the spinal cord or brain stem, which can lead to severe symptoms such as paralysis, breathing difficulties, and even death. In its most severe form, polio can cause a person to be unable to move certain limbs or even experience respiratory failure.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex hormonal disorder that affects millions of women worldwide. It is characterized by irregular menstrual periods, cysts on the ovaries, and high levels of male hormones (androgens). PCOS is often diagnosed in women during their reproductive years, and it can cause significant emotional distress and impact daily life.
Polycythemia vera is a rare type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells. It is characterized by the excessive production of red blood cells, which can lead to thickened blood and potentially life-threatening complications. In this article, we will delve into the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management of polycythemia vera.
Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is a common skin condition that occurs when the skin reacts to sunlight, particularly in the spring and early summer when the sun's rays are strongest. PMLE is characterized by a rash that can appear on various parts of the body, such as the front of the neck and chest. The rash can take many forms, including tiny bumps, raised areas, or blisters.
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes widespread pain and stiffness in the muscles, particularly in the shoulders and hips. It is a common condition that affects older adults, with the majority of cases occurring in people over the age of 65. PMR is often accompanied by giant cell arteritis, a condition that causes inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to headaches, vision difficulties, jaw pain, and scalp tenderness.
Polymyositis (PM) is an uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of the body. It is a chronic condition that can significantly impact daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday activities such as climbing stairs, rising from a seated position, lifting objects, or reaching overhead. While there is no cure for PM, treatment can improve muscle strength and function, allowing individuals to regain their independence.
A popliteal artery aneurysm is a rare and serious condition that occurs when the popliteal artery, located behind the knee, becomes weak and balloons out. This ballooning can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and a pulsing feeling in the affected area. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of popliteal artery aneurysm.
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is a rare condition that affects the popliteal artery, which is the main artery behind the knee. In this condition, the calf muscle is in the wrong position or is larger than usual, causing it to press on the artery and become trapped. This compression can reduce blood flow to the lower leg and foot, leading to a range of symptoms and complications.
Porphyria is a group of rare genetic disorders that result from a buildup of natural chemicals called porphyrins in the body. Porphyrins are essential for the production of heme, a critical component of hemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. The disorders can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity, although they are more common in certain populations.
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a rare and complex brain disorder that affects the visual cortex of the brain. It is characterized by the gradual degeneration of brain cells, leading to impaired vision, cognitive decline, and other neurological symptoms. PCA is a type of frontotemporal dementia, which is a group of disorders that affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronic and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a complication of shingles, a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which lies dormant in nerve cells until triggered by stress, fatigue, or other factors. PHN is characterized by a burning pain in the affected nerves and skin, which can persist for months or even years after the initial shingles rash has healed.
The arrival of a new baby is often a joyous and life-changing event for many women. However, it can also be a challenging and overwhelming experience, especially for those who may not be emotionally prepared. While some women may experience the "baby blues," a mild and temporary condition characterized by mood swings, crying, and anxiety, others may develop a more severe and debilitating condition known as postpartum depression (PPD).
Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs during pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine. While it typically resolves with the birth of the baby, a rare condition known as postpartum preeclampsia can develop in the days or weeks following childbirth. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of postpartum preeclampsia, as well as when to see a doctor.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that occurs after an individual experiences a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, a violent attack, or a serious accident. While many people experience trauma and are able to recover, others may develop PTSD, which can have a significant impact on their daily life and relationships.
Pouchitis is a condition that occurs when the lining of the pouch created during surgery to treat ulcerative colitis or certain other diseases becomes inflamed. The pouch is a part of the ileoanal anastomosis (J-pouch) surgery, which is a procedure that involves removing the diseased colon and reconnecting the bowel to the anus. The J-pouch is created by attaching the end of the small intestine (ileum) to the area just above the anus, allowing waste to be held in the pouch before it is eliminated.
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 30,000 people worldwide. It is characterized by a combination of physical, mental, and behavioral problems, including a constant sense of hunger, hyperphagia, and obesity. The disorder is named after the Swiss physician Andrea Prader and the American physician John C. H. Willii, who first described the condition in the 1950s.
Precocious puberty is a condition in which children's bodies begin to develop and mature too early, typically before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys. This premature development can be emotionally and physically challenging for children, and it is essential to understand the causes, symptoms, and treatment options to provide proper care and support.
Prediabetes is a condition in which a person's blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes. However, if left untreated, prediabetes can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other serious health problems.
Preeclampsia is a complex and potentially life-threatening condition that affects some pregnant women. It is characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the kidneys, liver, and brain. Preeclampsia typically develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and can have serious consequences for both the mother and baby if left untreated.
Premature birth, also known as preterm birth, is a condition where a baby is born too early. This occurs when the birth takes place before the 37th week of pregnancy, which is significantly earlier than the typical duration of 40 weeks. Premature birth can have serious consequences for the baby's health, and the risk of complications increases as the baby is born earlier.
Premature ejaculation is a common sexual complaint that affects many men worldwide. It is characterized by the ejaculation of semen sooner than desired during sex. According to the American Urological Association, as many as 1 in 3 people experience premature ejaculation at some point in their lives. While it is not a cause for concern if it does not occur frequently, premature ejaculation can lead to distress, frustration, and avoidance of sexual intimacy.
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of irregular heartbeat that occurs when the heart's two lower pumping chambers, or ventricles, contract too early. These extra beats disrupt the normal heart rhythm, causing a fluttering or skipped beat in the chest. PVCs are a common type of arrhythmia, affecting millions of people worldwide.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in many women during the days leading up to their menstrual period. It's estimated that as many as 3 out of every 4 menstruating women experience some form of PMS, making it a common condition that affects millions of women worldwide. Despite its prevalence, PMS can have a significant impact on daily life, affecting relationships, work, and overall well-being.
Presbyopia is a common age-related condition that affects the eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. It's a natural process that occurs as the eye's lens becomes less flexible and is unable to change shape to focus on close objects. Presbyopia usually begins in the early to mid-40s and continues to worsen until around age 65.
Prescription drug abuse, also known as prescription drug misuse, is the use of a prescription medicine in a way not intended by the prescriber. This can include taking a friend's prescription painkiller for a backache, snorting or injecting ground-up pills to get high, or taking medication that was prescribed for someone else. Prescription drug abuse is a serious problem that can affect anyone, regardless of age, and can have severe consequences for the individual and their loved ones.
Preterm labor is a serious condition that can have severe consequences for both the mother and the baby. It occurs when regular contractions result in the opening of the cervix before week 37 of pregnancy, but after week 20. The earlier premature birth occurs, the greater the health risks for the baby.
Priapism is a rare condition that occurs when the penis remains erect for an extended period of time, often hours beyond or without sexual stimulation. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment to prevent tissue damage and potential long-term complications. There are two main types of priapism: ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a more severe condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the liver and bile ducts. It is characterized by ongoing inflammation in the liver, which can lead to bile duct inflammation and damage, known as cholangitis. If left untreated, PBC can progress to permanent scarring of liver tissue, known as cirrhosis, and eventually lead to liver failure.
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of disorders that weaken the immune system, making it easier for infections and other health problems to occur. These disorders can be present from birth or develop later in life. PIDs are often characterized by a lack of certain immune cells or a malfunction in the immune system.
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare and progressive motor neuron disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain that control movement. The condition is characterized by the breakdown of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to weakness in the muscles that control the legs, arms, and tongue.
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition where the ovaries stop functioning as they should before age 40. This can lead to infertility and hormonal imbalances. POI is often referred to as premature ovarian insufficiency or premature ovarian failure, but the term "premature ovarian failure" is no longer used.
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a rare and complex neurological disorder that affects the ability to communicate. It is characterized by the gradual loss of language skills, including speaking, writing, and understanding language. PPA is a type of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which is a group of disorders that affect the brain's frontal and temporal lobes.
Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that affects the prostate gland in males. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men, and it can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Prostatitis is a disorder of the prostate gland that is characterized by inflammation and can cause painful or difficult urination, as well as pain in the groin, pelvic area, or genitals. While bacterial infections can cause some cases of prostatitis, not all cases are caused by infection.
Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a condition that is characterized by episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying. It is a neurological disorder that affects the way the brain controls emotion, leading to excessive and exaggerated emotional responses.
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency is a rare disorder that affects the body's ability to break down certain muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine and mivacurium. These drugs are commonly used during general anesthesia to temporarily relax muscles during medical procedures. With pseudocholinesterase deficiency, the body's muscles stay relaxed for a longer time than expected, leading to prolonged paralysis and respiratory complications.
Pseudogout is a type of arthritis characterized by sudden, painful swelling in one or more joints. It is formally known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or CPPD, but it is commonly referred to as pseudogout due to its similarity to gout. In both conditions, crystal deposits form within a joint, although the type of crystal differs for each condition.
Pseudomembranous colitis is a type of inflammation that affects the colon, typically caused by an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile). This condition is also known as antibiotic-associated colitis or C. difficile colitis.
Pseudotumor cerebri is a condition that occurs when the pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure) increases for no apparent reason. It is also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. This condition can cause symptoms that mimic those of a brain tumor, including headaches, vision loss, and swelling of the optic nerve.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches on the skin. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. The condition can cause discomfort, pain, and embarrassment, but it can be managed with proper treatment and lifestyle changes.
Pulmonary atresia is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the formation of the pulmonary valve. This valve is responsible for regulating blood flow from the heart to the lungs. In individuals with pulmonary atresia, the valve does not form correctly, preventing blood from reaching the lungs. This condition requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure proper treatment.